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近年來，全國各地冷庫事故頻發(fā)，大多冷庫事故的產(chǎn)生都是因為氨泄漏引發(fā)的，而解釋均是制冷閥件出故障引起氨泄漏。目前氨制冷劑在大型冷庫、有廣泛應(yīng)用。以下是詳解氨制冷系統(tǒng)泄漏后的正確處置方法。
In recent years, cold storage accidents occur frequently in all parts of the country. Most of the cold storage accidents are caused by ammonia leakage, and the final explanation is that the ammonia leakage caused by the failure of the refrigerating valve parts. At present, ammonia refrigerants are widely used in large cold storage. The following are detailed solutions to the leakage of ammonia refrigeration system.
一、氨制冷系統(tǒng)泄漏處理
One, leakage treatment of ammonia refrigeration system
1、氨壓縮機發(fā)生漏氨事故后，先切斷壓縮機電源，馬上關(guān)閉排氣閥，吸氣閥（雙級氨壓縮機應(yīng)同時關(guān)閉二級排氣閥及二級吸氣閥）如正在加油，應(yīng)及時關(guān)閉加油閥。
1, ammonia compressor after leakage of ammonia accident, first cut off the compressor power, immediately close the exhaust valve, the suction valve (double stage ammonia compressor should be closed at the same time two level exhaust valve and two suction valve), such as refueling, should be timely closed the refuelling valve.
2、應(yīng)將機房運行的機器全部停止，操作人員發(fā)現(xiàn)壓縮機漏氨時立即停機并根據(jù)自己所處位置，在關(guān)閉事故機時順便將就近運行的機器斷電。
2, the machine room should be completely stopped, the operator found that the compressor leakage of ammonia immediately shut down and according to their position, in the shutdown of the accident machine will be in the near operation of the machine.
3、如漏氨事故較大，無法靠近事故機，應(yīng)到室外停機，停機后立即關(guān)閉所有油氨分離器進氣閥及與事故機吸氣相連的低壓桶出氣閥。
3, if the ammonia leakage accident is large, can not be close to the accident machine, should stop outside, shut down immediately after the shutdown of all the oil and ammonia separator intake valve and the low pressure barrel outlet valve connected to the accident machine.
4、迅速開啟氨壓縮機機房所有的事故排風(fēng)扇。
4, quickly open all accident fans in ammonia compressor room.
5、在處理事故時，用水管噴澆漏氨部位，使氨與水溶解，注意壓縮機電機的防水保護。
5, when dealing with accidents, use water pipes to spray and leak ammonia parts, so that ammonia can be dissolved with water, and pay attention to the waterproofing protection of compressor motors.
二、壓力容器漏氨事故處置方法
Two. Treatment of pressure vessel ammonia leakage accident
處理此類事故，原則是首先采取控制，使事故不再擴大，然后采取措施將事故容器與系統(tǒng)斷開，關(guān)閉設(shè)備所有閥門，漏氨嚴(yán)重不能貼近設(shè)備時要采取關(guān)閉與該設(shè)備相聯(lián)接串通的其它設(shè)備閥門，用水淋澆漏氨部位，容器里氨液及時排空處理。屬于此類設(shè)備有：油氨分離器、冷凝器、高壓貯液桶、中冷、排液桶、集油器、放空氣器、低壓貯液桶等。
In order to deal with such accidents, the principle is to take control first, make the accident no longer expanded, and then take measures to break the accident container and system, close all the equipment of the equipment. When the leakage of ammonia is not close to the equipment, it should be taken to close other equipment valves connected to the equipment, pouring the leakage of ammonia with water and the liquid in the container. Time emptying treatment. Such devices include: Oil ammonia separator, condenser, high pressure liquid storage tank, intercooler, drainage tank, oil collector, air discharge device, low pressure liquid storage tank, etc.
1、油氨分離器漏氨
1. Leakage of ammonia in an oil and ammonia separator
油氨分離器漏氨后，如壓縮機正在運行工作中，應(yīng)立即切斷壓縮機電源，迅速關(guān)閉該油分離器的出氣閥、進氣閥、供液閥、放油閥及關(guān)閉冷凝器進氣閥，壓縮機至油氨分離器的排氣閥。
After the ammonia separator has leakage of ammonia, if the compressor is running, the compressor power should be cut off immediately, and the outgassing valve, the intake valve, the feed valve, the oil discharge valve and the condenser intake valve, and the compressor to the exhaust valve of the oil ammonia separator should be quickly closed.
2、冷凝器漏氨（立式、臥式、蒸發(fā)式冷凝器）
2. Condenser ammonia leakage (vertical, horizontal, evaporative condenser)
冷凝器漏氨后，如壓縮機處于運行狀態(tài)，應(yīng)立即切斷壓縮機電源，迅速關(guān)閉所有高壓桶均壓閥和其它所有冷凝器均壓、放空氣器閥，然后關(guān)閉冷凝器的進氣閥、出液閥。工藝允許時可以對事故冷凝器進行減壓。
After the condenser leakage, if the compressor is in the running state, the compressor power should be cut off immediately and all the pressure control valves and all the other condensers are shut down and the air heater valves are closed quickly. Then the intake valve and the outlet valve of the condenser are closed. The accident condenser can be decompressed when the process is permitted.
3、高壓貯液桶漏氨
3. Leakage of ammonia in high pressure tank
高壓貯液桶漏氨后，立即關(guān)閉高壓貯液桶的進液閥、均液閥、出液閥、放油閥及其它關(guān)聯(lián)閥門。如氨壓縮機處于運行狀態(tài)，迅速切斷壓縮機電源，在條件及環(huán)境允許時，立即開啟與低壓容器相聯(lián)的閥門進行減壓、排液、盡量減少氨液外泄損失，當(dāng)高壓貯液桶壓力與低壓壓力一致時，應(yīng)及時關(guān)閉減壓排液閥門。
After the high pressure liquid storage tank leaks ammonia, turn off the liquid inlet valve, the liquid valve, the liquid outlet valve, the oil drain valve and other related valves immediately. If the ammonia compressor is in the running state, the compressor power is cut off quickly. When the condition and environment permit, the valve connected with the low pressure vessel is opened immediately to decompress, drain and minimize the leakage of the liquid. When the pressure of the high pressure tank is in accordance with the pressure of the low pressure, the valve should be shut down in time.
4、中間冷卻器漏氨
4. Leakage of ammonia in intermediate cooler
中間冷卻器漏氨后，當(dāng)壓縮機處于運行狀態(tài)，應(yīng)立即切斷該機電源，關(guān)閉壓縮機的一級排氣閥、二級吸氣閥及與其它設(shè)備相通的閥門，同時開啟放油閥進行排液放油減壓。
When the intermediate cooler leaks ammonia, when the compressor is in operation, the power supply should be cut off immediately, the first stage exhaust valve of the compressor, the two stage suction valve and the valve connected with other equipment should be closed, and the discharge valve is opened to discharge the oil and discharge the oil.
5、低壓貯液桶漏氨
5. Leakage of ammonia in a low pressure tank
低壓貯液桶漏氨后，當(dāng)系統(tǒng)壓縮機處于運行中，應(yīng)立即切斷壓縮機電源，關(guān)閉壓縮機吸氣閥，同時關(guān)閉低壓貯液桶的進氣、出氣、均液、放油及其它關(guān)聯(lián)閥門，開啟氨泵進液、出液閥及氨泵，將低壓貯液桶內(nèi)氨液送至庫房蒸發(fā)器內(nèi)，待低壓貯液桶內(nèi)無液后關(guān)閉氨泵進液閥。
After leakage of ammonia in the low pressure storage tank, when the compressor is in operation, the compressor power should be cut off immediately, the suction valve of the compressor is closed, and the intake, outgassing, liquid, oil and other associated valves of the low pressure storage tank are closed, and the ammonia pump inlet liquid, the outlet valve and the ammonia pump are opened, and the ammonia liquid in the low pressure storage tank is sent to the storeroom evaporation. The liquid inlet valve of the ammonia pump is closed after the liquid in the low pressure liquid storage tank is closed.
6、排液桶漏氨
6. Leakage of ammonia in a bucket
排液桶漏氨（在沖霜、加壓、排液、放油工作中）時，應(yīng)立即關(guān)閉排液桶的所有與其它設(shè)備相連閥門，根據(jù)排液桶的液位多少進行處理。如液量較少，開啟減壓閥進行減壓；如液量較多時，應(yīng)盡快將桶內(nèi)液體排空，減少氨的外泄量。
When the draining bucket is drained (in the frost, pressure, discharge, and oil discharge), all the valves should be closed immediately to the other equipment, and the liquid level of the bucket should be treated. If the liquid volume is small, the pressure relief valve should be opened for decompression. If the liquid volume is large, the liquid in the pail should be emptied as soon as possible, so as to reduce the leakage of ammonia.
7、集油器漏氨
7. Leakage of ammonia in oil collector
集油器漏氨時，或在放油過程中，都應(yīng)立即關(guān)閉集油器的進油和減壓閥。
When the oil collector is running out of ammonia or in the process of discharging oil, the oil inlet and pressure reducing valve of the oil collector should be shut down immediately.
8、放空氣器漏氨
8. Leakage of ammonia in air discharge device
放空氣器漏氨，應(yīng)立即關(guān)閉混合氣體進氣閥、供液閥、回流閥、蒸發(fā)回氣閥。
Air leakage can be immediately closed by mixing gas inlet valve, liquid supply valve, return valve and evaporative return valve.
9、設(shè)備玻璃管破裂、油位指示器漏氨
9. Rupture of the glass tube of equipment and leakage of ammonia in the indicator of oil level
設(shè)備玻璃管破裂、油位指示器漏氨液時，當(dāng)上、下側(cè)彈子失靈，應(yīng)立即關(guān)閉批示器上、下側(cè)的彈子角閥，盡早控制住氨液大量外泄。
When the glass tube is broken and the oil level indicator is leaked, when the upper and lower side of the bullet fails, the bullet angle valve on the upper and lower sides of the indicator should be shut down immediately to control the large amount of leakage of the ammonia liquid as soon as possible.
10、氨瓶漏氨
10. Ammonia bottle leakage
氨瓶屬于移動式壓力容器，氨瓶必須每二年進行一次定期檢驗，使用12、年應(yīng)報廢
Ammonia bottles belong to mobile pressure vessels. Ammonia bottles must be inspected regularly once every two years. They should be scrapped for 12 years.
發(fā)現(xiàn)瓶壁有裂紋、嚴(yán)重腐蝕、凹陷、鼓包、變形等缺陷以及未經(jīng)定期檢驗，應(yīng)禁止使用。在加氨的過程中漏氨，應(yīng)立即關(guān)閉氨瓶出液閥，加氨站的加氨閥，用水淋澆漏氨部位，迅速將氨瓶推離加氨現(xiàn)場。
It is found that cracks on the bottle wall, serious corrosion, depression, bulging, deformation and other defects, and no regular inspection, should be banned. If ammonia is leaked during the process of ammonia injection, the ammonia outlet valve should be closed immediately, the ammonia valve of the ammonia station should be added, and the ammonia leakage site should be leaked with water. The ammonia bottle should be pushed away from the ammonia site immediately.
三、蒸發(fā)器漏氨處置方法
Three, the disposal method of evaporator ammonia leakage
庫內(nèi)蒸發(fā)器漏氨包括冷風(fēng)機、墻排管、頂排管等，處理原則：應(yīng)立即關(guān)閉蒸發(fā)器供液閥、回氣閥、熱氨閥、排液閥、并及時將蒸發(fā)器內(nèi)氨液排空。
The leakage of ammonia in the evaporator includes the cold fan, the wall pipe, the top row and so on. The treatment principle: the evaporator supply valve, the air return valve, the hot ammonia valve, the discharge valve and the ammonia liquid in the evaporator should be shut down immediately.
如在沖霜過程中，應(yīng)立即關(guān)閉沖霜熱氨閥、關(guān)閉排液閥、開啟回氣閥進行減壓。如在庫房降溫過程中，應(yīng)立即關(guān)閉蒸發(fā)器供液閥、氨泵系統(tǒng)停止運行。
For example, in the process of frost, we should immediately turn off the frost hot ammonia valve, close the drain valve and open the return valve for decompression. For example, in the process of cooling down the storeroom, the evaporator liquid supply valve and the ammonia pump system should be shut down immediately.
確定漏氨部位，可做臨時性處理，能打管卡的采取管卡緊固，減少氨的外泄量。并開啟排風(fēng)扇強制通風(fēng)，盡量減少庫房的氨濃度。
The location of ammonia leakage can be treated temporarily, and the pipe clamp can be fastened to reduce the leakage of ammonia. And open the exhaust fan forced ventilation to minimize the ammonia concentration in the storeroom.
清除蒸發(fā)器內(nèi)氨，在條件、環(huán)境允許情況下，可采取適當(dāng)?shù)膲毫?，用熱氨沖霜的方法，將蒸發(fā)器內(nèi)氨液排回排液桶，減少氨液損失和庫房空氣污染。
In order to remove the ammonia in the evaporator, under the condition of conditions and environment, the proper pressure can be taken. The ammonia liquid in the evaporator is discharged back to the draining bucket with the method of hot ammonia flushing to reduce the loss of ammonia and the air pollution in the storeroom.
四、閥門漏氨處置方法
Four. Treatment of leakage of ammonia in valves
發(fā)現(xiàn)氨閥門漏氨后，應(yīng)迅速關(guān)閉事故閥門兩邊最近的控制閥，并用堵閥門泄漏專用器具進行堵漏。
It is found that after the ammonia valve leaks ammonia, the nearest control valve on both sides of the accident valve should be shut down quickly, and plugging the special valve with the plugging valve to stop the leakage.
如容器上的閥門漏氨，應(yīng)關(guān)閉泄漏閥前最近的閥門，關(guān)閉容器的進液、進氣等閥門。在條件、環(huán)境允許時，應(yīng)迅速開啟有關(guān)閥門，向低壓系統(tǒng)進行減壓排液。
If the valve on the container leaks ammonia, the nearest valve before the leakage valve should be closed, and the inlet and outlet valves of the container should be closed. When conditions and environment permit, valve should be opened quickly and decompression should be carried out to the low pressure system.
在處理泄漏事故時，應(yīng)開啟排風(fēng)扇進行通風(fēng)換氣。
When handling leakage accidents, fans should be opened for ventilation and ventilation.
五、管道漏氨處置方法
Five. Treatment of pipeline ammonia leakage
如發(fā)現(xiàn)管道漏氨后，應(yīng)迅速關(guān)閉事故管道兩邊最近的控制閥門，切斷氨液的來源。并采取臨時打管卡的辦法，封堵漏口和裂紋，然后對事故部位抽空。
If the pipeline is found to leak ammonia, the nearest control valve on both sides of the accident pipeline should be shut down and the source of ammonia liquid should be cut off. The method of temporary pipe clamping is adopted to seal the leakage and cracks, and then evacuate the accident area.
1、加氨裝置漏氨
1. Ammonia leakage in ammonia plant
在加氨過程中，加氨裝置漏氨，應(yīng)迅速關(guān)閉加氨裝置最近的閥門和氨瓶的出液閥。
During the ammoniation process, the ammonia valve should be quickly closed and the nearest valve and ammonia outlet valve should be closed.
2、處理漏氨事故時氨的排放處置方法
2, the disposal method of ammonia discharge in the treatment of ammonia leakage accident
如容器設(shè)備漏氨，在容器內(nèi)氨液較多的情況下，將容器內(nèi)的氨液排放到其它容器內(nèi)或排放掉。氨液的排放分為系統(tǒng)內(nèi)排放和向系統(tǒng)外排放。
If the container equipment leaks ammonia, the ammonia in the container must be discharged into other containers or discharged if there is more ammonia in the container. The discharge of ammonia liquor can be divided into emissions within the system and emissions from outside the system.
a、向系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的排放：一般應(yīng)采取設(shè)備的放油管及排液管排放，將漏氨容器的氨液排至其它壓力較低的容器內(nèi)。
A, discharge to the system: generally, the discharge pipe and drain pipe of the equipment should be discharged, and the ammonia liquid of the ammonia leakage container should be discharged to other low pressure containers.
b、向系統(tǒng)外的排放：在特殊情況下，為了減少事故設(shè)備的氨液外泄，避免傷亡事故發(fā)生，將氨液通過串聯(lián)設(shè)備放油管與耐壓膠皮管放入水池中，以保證安全。在向外界排放氨液或氨氣時，要注意閥門不要開的過大、過猛、防止膠管連接處脫落，造成意外事故發(fā)生。
B, out of the system emissions: in special cases, in order to reduce the leakage of ammonia liquid in the accident equipment and avoid casualty accidents, the ammonia liquid is put into the pool through the series equipment and the pressure resistant rubber pipe to ensure the safety. When discharging ammonia or ammonia to the outside world, we should pay attention to the oversize and excessive opening of the valve and prevent the connection of the hose from falling off, resulting in an accident.
